1	Unit 9 – The Heart Cardiovascular System The Heart
2	Functions of the Heart Generating blood pressure Routing blood Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations Ensuring one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow Regulating blood supply Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
3	Size, Shape, Location of the Heart Size of a closed fist Shape Apex: Blunt rounded point of cone Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum
4	Heart Cross Section
5	Pericardium
6	Heart Wall Three layers of tissue Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth outer surface of heart Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers
7	Heart Wall
8	External Anatomy Four chambers 2 atria 2 ventricles Auricles Major veins Superior vena cava Pulmonary veins Major arteries Aorta Pulmonary trunk
9	External Anatomy
10	Coronary Circulation
11	Heart Valves Atrioventricular Tricuspid Bicuspid or mitral Semilunar Aortic Pulmonary Prevent blood from flowing back
12	Heart Valves
13	Function of the Heart Valves
14	Blood Flow Through Heart
15	Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
16	Heart Skeleton Consists of plate of fibrous connective tissue between atria and ventricles Fibrous rings around valves to support Serves as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles Provides site for muscle attachment
17	Cardiac Muscle Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei Contains actin and myosin myofilaments Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit
18	Conducting System of Heart
19	Electrical Properties Resting membrane potential (RMP) present Action potentials Rapid depolarization followed by rapid, partial early repolarization. Prolonged period of slow repolarization which is plateau phase and a rapid final repolarization phase Voltage-gated channels
20	Action Potentials in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
21	SA Node Action Potential
22	Refractory Period Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell completely insensitive to further stimulation Relative: Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to additional stimulation Long refractory period prevents tetanic contractions
23	Electrocardiogram Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured Pattern P wave Atria depolarization QRS complex Ventricle depolarization Atria repolarization T wave: Ventricle repolarization
24	Cardiac Arrhythmias Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people
25	Alterations in Electrocardiogram
26	Cardiac Cycle Heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half Repetitive contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers Blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure. Contraction of heart produces the pressure
27	Cardiac Cycle
28	Events during Cardiac Cycle
29	Heart Sounds First heart sound or “lubb” Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole Second heart sound or “dupp” Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer Third heart sound (occasional) Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first one-third of diastole
30	Location of Heart Valves
31	Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Average blood pressure in aorta MAP=CO x PR CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute CO=SV x HR SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO PR is total resistance against which blood must be pumped
32	Factors Affecting MAP
33	Regulation of the Heart Intrinsic regulation: Results from normal functional characteristics, not on neural or hormonal regulation Starling’s law of the heart Extrinsic regulation: Involves neural and hormonal control Parasympathetic stimulation Supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine secreted Sympathetic stimulation Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and force of contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine released
34	Heart Homeostasis Effect of blood pressure Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen Chemoreceptors monitor Effect of extracellular ion concentration Increase or decrease in extracellular K⁺ decreases heart rate Effect of body temperature Heart rate increases when body temperature increases, heart rate decreases when body temperature decreases
35	Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
36	Baroreceptor Reflex
37	Chemoreceptor Reflex-pH
38	Effects of Aging on the Heart Gradual changes in heart function, minor under resting condition, more significant during exercise Hypertrophy of left ventricle Maximum heart rate decreases Increased tendency for valves to function abnormally and arrhythmias to occur Increased oxygen consumption required to pump same amount of blood