1	Overview of Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery [characteristics and mechanisms that make it a living being.]
2	Gross Anatomy Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
3	Microscopic Anatomy Cytology – study of the cell Histology – study of tissues
4	Developmental Anatomy Traces structural changes throughout life Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
5	Physiology Considers the operation of specific organ systems Renal – kidney function Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level
6	Physiology Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement
7	Principle of Complementarity An anatomical structure usually reflects its function [Form follows function] What a structure can do depends on its specific form
8	Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules Cellular – cells are made of molecules Tissue – consists of similar types of cells Organ – made up of different types of tissues Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together Organismal – made up of the organ systems
9	Levels of Structural Organization
10	Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary system Forms the external body covering Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
11	Organ Systems of the Body Skeletal system Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments [with the joints they make up] Protects and supports body organs Provides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals
12	Organ Systems of the Body Muscular system Composed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat
13	Organ Systems of the Body Nervous system Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves Is the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
14	Organ Systems of the Body Cardiovascular system Composed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
15	Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic system Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
16	Organ Systems of the Body Respiratory system Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
17	Organ Systems of the Body Digestive system Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
18	Organ Systems of the Body Urinary system Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
19	Organ Systems of the Body Male reproductive system Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
20	Organ Systems of the Body Female reproductive system Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
21	Organ Systems Interrelationships The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems